Research has shown that negotiators use what two forms of deception in misrepresenting the common-value issue?

A. Misrepresentation by Omission and Misrepresentation by Commission
B. Misrepresentation by Permission and Misrepresentation by Omission
C. Misrepresentation by Admission and Misrepresentation by Permission
D. Misrepresentation by Admission and Misrepresentation by Commission
E. None of the above forms of deception is used in misrepresenting the common-value issue.

Negotiators commonly use two types of deception in misrepresenting common-value issues: A. Misrepresentation by Omission and Misrepresentation by Commission. These involve withholding information or actively giving false information, both of which can be ethically problematic.

Explanation:

Research has indicated that negotiators use two primary forms of deception when misrepresenting a common-value issue.

The correct answer to the student's question is:A. Misrepresentation by Omission and Misrepresentation by Commission.

Misrepresentation by omission occurs when a negotiator fails to disclose important information.

For example, in a study, if a researcher conceals the purpose or procedure from the subjects, they are misleading their subjects through omission.

Misrepresentation by commission involves actively providing false information or statements.

This is seen when researchers purposely mislead participants about the true nature of a study, such as stating an experiment is about learning when it really concerns a different topic, like obedience to authority.

Both forms of deception are used because they can maintain the integrity of negotiations or experiments, but they can be ethically concerning.

Therefore, methods such as pre-consent and minimized deception have been suggested to alleviate ethical dilemmas by respecting participants' autonomy and reducing the impact of deception.