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Answer :
it's B: The Supreme Court's incorporation of the Bill of Rights on a case-by-case basis
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Final answer:
The Supreme Court cases such as Gitlow v. New York, Mapp v. Ohio, and Gideon v. Wainwright reflect the process of selective incorporation, by which the Supreme Court applies the Bill of Rights on a state level to protect fundamental liberties across all states.
Explanation:
The timeline of court cases provided, namely Gitlow v. New York (1925), Mapp v. Ohio (1961), and Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), reflects the Option B) Supreme Court's incorporation of the Bill of Rights on a case-by-case basis into state law. This process, known as selective incorporation, began in 1897 when the Supreme Court started to apply the protections of the Bill of Rights to state governments. Prior to this, the Bill of Rights was not automatically applied to the states, but through a series of decisions, the Supreme Court mandated that fundamental liberties protected by the Bill of Rights must be upheld by the states, irrespective of state laws to the contrary, because they are fundamental to the inalienable rights of a citizen.
In each of these landmark cases, the Supreme Court ruled that certain provisions of the Bill of Rights had to be applied on the state level. For instance, Gitlow v. New York addressed the First Amendment freedoms of speech and press; Mapp v. Ohio dealt with the Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures; and Gideon v. Wainwright involved the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. These cases played critical roles in ensuring that these fundamental rights and liberties are protected across all states, thereby securing basic freedoms for all citizens in the United States.
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