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We appreciate your visit to Using the video from Episode 6 on Mr Fallbrook answer two of the following prompts Please identify each prompt you answer by number and restate. This page offers clear insights and highlights the essential aspects of the topic. Our goal is to provide a helpful and engaging learning experience. Explore the content and find the answers you need!

Using the video from Episode 6 on Mr. Fallbrook, answer two of the following prompts. Please identify each prompt you answer by number and restate the question in bold letters.

**Prompt 1:** Explain in detail the pathogenesis on how Mr. Fallbrook’s gastroenteritis leads to sepsis and then ARF.

**Prompt 2:** Research the medication Enalapril. Explain its uses, dosage, and side effects.

**Prompt 3:** Explain the different types of Acute Renal Failure and which type Mr. Fallbrook falls under.

**Prompt 4:** Explain the different types of dialysis and how they are used.

Please correlate your responses to Mr. Fallbrook’s case. Content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapters 16, 20, 28, and 36.

Answer :

Gastroenteritis can cause severe dehydration leading to pre-renal acute renal failure due to decreased renal perfusion. Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension with side effects including cough and dizziness. Mr. Fallbrook's acute renal failure is likely pre-renal, caused by hypovolemia.

Prompt 1 : Pathogenesis of Sepsis Leading to Acute Renal Failure (ARF) from Gastroenteritis -

Gastroenteritis can lead to significant dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea. This dehydration can result in hypovolemia, decreasing blood volume and blood pressure. Consequently, diminished perfusion of critical organs including the kidneys can occur. If the causative agent of the gastroenteritis enters the bloodstream, it can lead to sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response to infection. During sepsis, the body's defense mechanisms can cause widespread inflammation, vessel dilatation, and clot formation, leading to further compromise of the renal blood flow. This can precipitate ARF, as the kidneys fail to function due to inadequate blood supply, often referred to as pre-renal ARF.

Prompt 2: Medication Enalapril

Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, primarily used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of heart failure. Dosage varies on the patient's condition, but it is usually taken orally, starting at low doses such as 2.5 mg once daily, and can be gradually increased. Side effects may include cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, and in severe cases, angioedema.

Prompt 3: Types of Acute Renal Failure

Acute Renal Failure is categorized into three types: pre-renal, intrinsic, and post-renal. Pre-renal ARF is due to inadequate blood flow to the kidneys, intrinsic ARF is caused by damage to the renal tissues, and post-renal ARF is due to obstruction of urine flow. In Mr. Fallbrook's case, his ARF would likely be classified as pre-renal due to the hypovolemia from severe gastroenteritis leading to decreased renal perfusion.

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Rewritten by : Barada

Final answer:

Question 1: Due to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a dysregulated immune response, gastroenteritis can result in sepsis and eventually ARF. ARF is frequently brought on by acute tubular necrosis, which develops as a result of kidney damage in sepsis.

Question 3: Mr. Fallbrook has acute tubular necrosis, a type of intrinsic ARF that is brought on by inflammation and injury to the kidney tissue.

Explanation:

Prompt 1: Describe the etiology of Mr. Fallbrook's gastroenteritis, including how it causes sepsis and subsequently ARF.

Infection is frequently the root cause of gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. In the instance of Mr. Fallbrook, the infection probably resulted in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induced an immunological response. Sepsis can result from a dysregulated immunological response. Widespread inflammation and organ damage, including kidney disease, are characteristics of sepsis.

The kidneys may suffer from sepsis due to inflammation and reduced blood supply. A common cause of ARF, acute tubular necrosis, can result from this. When the kidney tubule cells are harmed, acute tubular necrosis develops, reducing the kidney tubules' capacity to filter waste and control fluid balance.

Question 3: Describe the various forms of acute renal failure and identify which Mr. Fallbrook has.

Prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal Acute Renal Failure (ARF) are the three subtypes. Prerenal ARF happens when the kidneys' blood flow decreases, frequently as a result of dehydration or a drop in blood volume. Acute tubular necrosis is one kind of injury to the renal tissue that results in intrinsic ARF. When the urinary system is blocked and urine cannot flow, postrenal ARF develops.

According to Mr. Fallbrook's circumstances, he most certainly qualifies as an intrinsic ARF. Sepsis can produce inflammation and damage that can result in acute tubular necrosis, a type of intrinsic ARF.

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