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1. How is peripheral tolerance induced? 2. What are the three main mechanisms by which peripheral tolerance occurs?

Answer :

Final answer:

Peripheral tolerance, a process preventing autoimmune reactions, is based on three main mechanisms: energy, immunological ignorance, and regulatory T cells. Energy deactivates lymphocytes, immunological ignorance prevents lymphocytes from encountering certain antigens, and regulatory T cells suppress potentially harmful immune responses.

Explanation:

Peripheral tolerance is a process that induces immunological tolerance towards self-antigens that are not presented during the thymic selection of T cells, thereby preventing autoimmune reactions. It occurs in the periphery (hence the name), away from primary lymphoid organs where central tolerance occurs.

The three main mechanisms by which peripheral tolerance occurs are energy, immunological ignorance, and regulatory T cells.

  1. Anergy is a state of unresponsiveness from T or B lymphocytes to their specific antigens. This state can be induced by the lack of co-stimulation during antigen presentation, or by inappropriate signal transduction leading to the inability of the lymphocytes to respond to antigens.
  2. Immunological ignorance refers to the state where potentially autoimmune lymphocytes may not encounter the antigens against which they are directed, sparing the body from autoimmune responses.
  3. Lastly, Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a vital role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. They can suppress other immune cells to prevent them from attacking self-antigens and causing autoimmune diseases. In the presence of particular cytokines like TGF-β, some T cells differentiate into Tregs that inhibit the activation, proliferation, and effector functions of a wide range of immune cells.

In conclusion, peripheral tolerance is critical for balancing the need to protect the body from pathogens while avoiding autoimmunity.

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