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Answer :
The answer is 66e94bd4ef8a2c3b884cfa59ca342b2e.
You can check it with the following node.js program:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const zeros = Buffer.alloc(16);
var cipher = crypto.createCipheriv('aes-128-cbc', zeros, zeros);
var encrypted = Buffer.concat([cipher.update(zeros), cipher.final()]);
console.log(encrypted.toString('hex'));
Note that the output will contain 2 blocks of 128 bit, this is due to the padding algorithm. For this question you can ignore the second block.
You can check it with the following node.js program:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const zeros = Buffer.alloc(16);
var cipher = crypto.createCipheriv('aes-128-cbc', zeros, zeros);
var encrypted = Buffer.concat([cipher.update(zeros), cipher.final()]);
console.log(encrypted.toString('hex'));
Note that the output will contain 2 blocks of 128 bit, this is due to the padding algorithm. For this question you can ignore the second block.
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Final answer:
The output of the first round of AES with a 128-bit block length and a 128-bit key length, where both the plaintext and subkey are 128 zeros, remains as 128 zeros due to the characteristics of the XOR operation in the AddRoundKey step.
Explanation:
For AES with a 128-bit block length and a 128-bit key length, the output of the first round will be a series of binary values that result from the initial round of AES encryption, which includes SubBytes, ShiftRows, and MixColumns transformations, followed by AddRoundKey. However, in this specific case where both the plaintext and the first subkey consist of 128 zeros, the output after the AddRoundKey operation remains the same as the input plaintext because the AddRoundKey step essentially XORs the round key with the plaintext, and XORing anything with zero yields the original value unmodified.
Consequently, the initial series of zeros would remain unchanged after the first round due to the zeroed key.
