Answer :

Ravenstein's laws of migration identified general characteristics and patterns of why people migrate, emphasizing a step-wise motion and highlighting both push and pull factors. While some aspects like gender patterns have evolved, the core principles relating to economic, social, and personal reasons for migration remain valid.

Ernst Ravenstein's laws of migration were initially formulated in 1885 and outlined several general characteristics that delineate the reasons behind why people migrate. Many of these laws are still considered relevant today, although there have been some modifications and expansions to these original concepts.

One of Ravenstein's observations was that migration generally occurs in a step-wise manner, with migrants moving from rural to urban areas. Additionally, he suggested that most migrants travel shorter distances, staying within the same country or region, although this can vary with factors such as economic integration like the European Union's Schengen Agreement that has facilitated ease of movement within its borders. It is also important to note that Ravenstein's law which proposed that more men migrate compared to women has evolved over time, with female migration patterns increasing significantly.

Migration is influenced by both push and pull factors. Push factors are negative aspects of the original area, such as lack of jobs or political turmoil, that compel people to leave, while pull factors are the attractive features of a destination, such as better employment opportunities or higher living standards, that draw migrants in. Additionally, selective migration suggests that individuals move based on their personal preferences and needs, opting for locations that align with their personality traits and life goals.

The reasons for migration are diverse and extend beyond pure economics to include social issues such as employment, urban decay, educational pursuits, and family reunification. Today's global migration patterns continue to reflect the influence of a multitude of push and pull factors, as well as personal choices motivated by individual circumstances and desires.

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Final answer:

Ravenstein's laws explain the reasons behind human migration, which include economic factors and social issues such as unemployment and inadequate healthcare or education.

Explanation:

Ravenstein's laws are a set of principles that explain the reasons behind human migration. They were proposed by Ernst Georg Ravenstein, a German-English geographer, in the late 19th century. These laws state that people migrate primarily for economic reasons, such as seeking better job opportunities or higher wages. However, social factors like unemployment, urban decay, and inadequate healthcare or education can also influence migration patterns.