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1.

a. A young boy presents at your clinic with a sore throat, stomachache, and a fever of 102°F. You have no rapid strep tests, so you must swab and inoculate a blood agar plate. You suspect the boy has strep throat and gently swab ~1 cm of his throat. After 24 hours, you see the plate is covered with S. pyogenes. What is the generation time? Using the upper value listed, how many bacteria would be present after 24 hours in 1 cm of tissue if you started with only 100 S. pyogenes cells? (Do not factor in the immune system.)

b. You begin antibiotics shortly after the bacterial diagnosis is confirmed. In what stage of the growth curve are the bacteria that you are destroying?

2.

You are currently on holiday on Little Palm Island in the Florida Keys. The resort is beautiful, the weather fantastic, the sea is blue, and you are feeling quite zen. You have just begun to eat a piece of Key Lime pie (~100g worth) when you discover that the server didn't wash his hands well and didn't refrigerate the pie. He inoculated the pie with 4 Salmonella enterica/100 grams. This was 12 hours ago.

a. How many cells did you consume in your bite? The generation time for S. enterica is 30 minutes.

b. Knowing that S. enterica generally needs, on average, 10 cells to cause infection in healthy people, is there cause for concern?

Answer :

1) A) Total, number of bacteria is 281 trillion (or 2.8 x 10¹⁴) S cells. B) If you begin antibiotics shortly after the bacterial diagnosis is confirmed, you are likely targeting the actively dividing bacteria. 2) A) You would have consumed 16.8 million (or 1.68 x 10⁷) S. enterica cells in your bite. B) Around 10 cells of Salmonella enterica are needed to cause infection in healthy individuals.

Generation time is the time it takes for a population of bacteria to double in number through binary fission. To calculate the generation time, we can use the upper value listed, which is the generation time for S. pyogenes. Let's assume the upper value is 30 minutes.

If the generation time is 30 minutes, after 24 hours (1,440 minutes), we can calculate the number of generations that would occur during that time;

Number of generations = Total time (minutes)/Generation time (minutes)

Number of generations = 1440 minutes / 30 minutes

Number of generations ≈ 48 generations

Starting with 100 S. pyogenes cells, each generation doubles the population. So, after 48 generations, the number of bacteria would be:

Number of bacteria = Initial cells × [tex]2^{(Number of generations)}[/tex]

Number of bacteria = 100 cells × 2⁴⁸

Number of bacteria ≈ 281,474,976,710,656 cells

Therefore, approximately 281 trillion (or 2.8 x 10¹⁴) S. pyogenes cells would be present after 24 hours in 1 cm of tissue if you started with only 100 cells.

b) If you begin antibiotics shortly after the bacterial diagnosis is confirmed, you are likely targeting the actively dividing bacteria. At this stage, the bacteria are in the exponential growth phase of the growth curve. This phase is characterized by rapid cell division and growth, making the bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics that target processes involved in cell division and replication.

2) a) The generation time for S. enterica is given as 30 minutes. It has been 12 hours since the pie was inoculated with 4 Salmonella enterica/100 grams. To calculate the number of cells you consumed, we can use the generation time and the number of generations that occurred during the 12-hour period:

Number of generations = Total time (minutes) / Generation time (minutes)

Number of generations = 12 hours × 60 minutes/hour / 30 minutes

Number of generations = 24 generations

Starting with 4 cells, each generation doubles the population. So, the number of cells you consumed can be calculated as:

Number of cells consumed = Initial cells × [tex]2^{(Number of generations)}[/tex]

Number of cells consumed = 4 cells × 2²⁴

Number of cells consumed ≈ 16,777,216 cells

Therefore, you would have consumed approximately 16.8 million (or 1.68 x 10⁷) S. enterica cells in your bite.

b) Generally, it is estimated that around 10 cells of Salmonella enterica are needed to cause infection in healthy individuals. Since you consumed 16.8 million cells in your bite, there is a cause for concern as the number of cells consumed greatly exceeds the minimum infectious dose. It is advisable to monitor for any symptoms of foodborne illness and seek medical attention if you develop any signs of infection.

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