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Can you help me answer the following test guide questions using complete sentences?

**TEST: CELLS AND CELL PROCESSES**

**REVIEW WORKSHEET**

1. **Robert Hooke’s Contribution to Cell Biology:**
- What was Robert Hooke's contribution to cell biology?

2. **Three Parts of the Cell Theory:**
- What are the three main components of the cell theory?

3. **Main Difference Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells:**
- What is the primary distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

4. **What is True About All Bacteria?**
- Identify a common characteristic of all bacteria.

5. **Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle of Virus Reproduction:**
- How do the lytic and lysogenic cycles of virus reproduction differ?

6. **Naming Bacteria: Strepto vs. Staphylo:**
- What is the significance of "strepto" and "staphylo" in bacterial naming?

7. **Most Important Job of All Bacteria:**
- What is the most critical role that bacteria play?

8. **Phospholipid Orientation in Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane:**
- Describe the orientation of phospholipids in the cell membrane and what the phosphate head and lipid tail are attracted to.

9. **Function of Cholesterol in the Membrane:**
- What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?

10. **Difference Between Chromatin and Chromosome:**
- Explain the difference between chromatin and a chromosome.

11. **Organelles in Plant Cells Not Seen in Animal Cells:**
- Name the organelles present in plant cells but absent in animal cells.

12. **Organelles Associated with Plant and Animal Cells:**
- Be familiar with all organelles associated with plant and animal cells and understand their functions.

13. **Rule for Osmosis in Terms of Solvent and Solute:**
- What is the rule governing osmosis with respect to solvent and solute?

14. **Moving Down a Concentration Gradient:**
- What does it mean to move down a concentration gradient?

15. **Facilitated Diffusion:**
- Define facilitated diffusion.

16. **Characteristics of Passive and Active Transport:**
- What are the characteristics of passive and active transport, and how is the sodium-potassium pump an example of active transport?

17. **Hypertonic vs. Hypotonic vs. Isotonic Solutions:**
- Compare and contrast hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

18. **Cytolysis, Crenation, Plasmolysis:**
- Define cytolysis, crenation, and plasmolysis.

19. **Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Exocytosis:**
- Differentiate between endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis.

20. **Embryonic vs. Adult Somatic Stem Cell Characteristics:**
- What are the general characteristics of embryonic versus adult somatic stem cells?

21. **Somatic Cells vs. Gametes:**
- Describe the differences between somatic cells and gametes.

22. **Another Name for a Fertilized Egg:**
- What is another term for a fertilized egg?

23. **Characteristics of Germ Layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm:**
- What are the characteristics of the germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?

24. **Problem Solving Regarding Tonicity Solutions:**
- Practice solving problems related to tonicity solutions by calculating percentages of solvent and solute both inside and outside the cell, determining the movement of water with arrows, and labeling the solution.

Answer :

Answer:

Robert Hooke is known for the first use of the word cell in the sense of a basic unit of organisms (describing the microscopic cavities in cork)

Plants are made of cells, Animals are made of cells, Cells produce other cells.

Eukaryotic have a nucleus meanwhile prokaryotic lacks of it.

Bacteria are prokaryotes

Cholesterol stabilize the cell membrane, less fluid at higher temp and less solid at lower temp.

Chromatin consists of the unravelled condensed structure of DNA for the purpose of packaging into the nucleus whereas chromosome consists of the highest condensed structure of the DNA doublehelix for the proper separation of the genetic material

Plant cell have cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, and a central vacuole

Refers to going from regions of high concentration of some entity to regions of low concentration, and such movement generally occurs spontaneously,

Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules assisted by transport proteins

Passive transport no needs energy, move molecules trough phospholipid bilayer

Active transport needs energy, move molecules trough membranes

Endocytosis engulf substances and form vesicles (into the cell) (active transport)

Phagocytosis cell eats solid particles or big substances

Pinocytosis is the cell drinking, liquid substances

Exocytosis vesicles move through the plasma membrane, release the contents (outside the cell) (active transport)

Animal and plant cell organelles: nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, cillia, flagella, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrioles, mitochondria, cytoplasm, cytosol, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, vacuoles, cell wall, chloroplasts.

Another name for a fertilized egg is zygote

Hope it helps :)

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