Answer :

Final answer:

Segregation refers to the physical separation of two groups, often resulting in unequal distribution of resources and opportunities. It can be enforced by law (de jure segregation) or occur without laws but due to other factors (de facto segregation). Residential segregation has far-reaching effects on education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, contributing to inequality and hindering social integration.

Explanation:

Segregation refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions. It is important to distinguish between de jure segregation (segregation that is enforced by law) and de facto segregation (segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors). A stark example of de jure segregation is the apartheid movement of South Africa, which existed from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, Black South Africans were stripped of their civil rights and forcibly relocated to areas that segregated them physically from their White compatriots. Only after decades of degradation, violent uprisings, and international advocacy was apartheid finally abolished.

De facto segregation, however, cannot be abolished by any court mandate. Segregation is still alive and well in the United States, with different racial or ethnic groups often segregated by neighborhood, borough, or parish. Many neighborhoods in northern cities remain segregated by virtue of 'red lining' districts where minorities were allowed and not allowed to live. Sociologists use segregation indices to measure racial segregation of different races in different areas. The indices employ a scale from zero to 100, where zero is the most integrated and 100 is the least. In the New York metropolitan area, for instance, the Black-White segregation index was seventy-nine for the years 2005-2009. This means that 79 percent of either Black or White people would have to move in order for each neighborhood to have the same racial balance as the whole metro region.

Residential segregation has significant impacts on various aspects of people's lives. It affects access to education, green space, resources, safety, healthcare, employment opportunities, and more. It can result in unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, as well as contribute to the perpetuation of inequality and the hindrance of social integration.

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