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In the Kauai Longitudinal Study, Werner and Smith found that early child-rearing environments and strategies:

a. have a minimal effect on development.
b. have some effect on development.
c. have no effect on development.
d. have a marked effect on development.

Answer :

Final answer:

Early child-rearing environments and strategies have a marked effect on development during childhood, but this influence lessens by adulthood. Attachment styles in infancy can predict later behavioral patterns. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option d.

Explanation:

In the Kauai Longitudinal Study, Werner and Smith discovered that early child-rearing environments and strategies have a marked effect on development. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option d.

While initial influences of shared environment, like parenting, do impact the personality and behavior of young children, this influence decreases as the child grows older, becoming minimal by adulthood according to Harris (2006) and Roberts & Del Vecchio (2000).

Nonetheless, early nurturing and stimulation are crucial, even though they won't predetermine a child's success or failure in specific fields such as intelligence or athletics. It is also noted that attachment styles in infancy can predict emotional and behavioral patterns in later years, indicating a persistent influence from early development stages, as supported by research such as that of Cassidy & Shaver (1999).

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